# Law Library > Philippine Law Resource & Learning Site ## Posts - [Title XV – Guaranty (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xv-guaranty-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XV GUARANTY CHAPTER 1 Nature and Extent of Guaranty Article 2047. By guaranty a person, called the guarantor, binds himself to the creditor to fulfill the obligation of the principal debtor in case the latter should fail to do so. If a person binds himself solidarily with the principal debtor, the provisions of Section 4, Chapter 3, Title I of this Book shall be observed. In such case the contract is called a suretyship. (1822a) Article 2048. A guaranty is gratuitous, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary. (n) Article 2049. A married woman may guarantee an obligation without […] - [Title XIV – Compromises and Arbitrations (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xiv-compromises-and-arbitrations-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XIV COMPROMISES AND ARBITRATIONS CHAPTER 1 Compromises Article 2028. A compromise is a contract whereby the parties, by making reciprocal concessions, avoid a litigation or put an end to one already commenced. (1809a) Article 2029. The court shall endeavor to persuade the litigants in a civil case to agree upon some fair compromise. (n) Article 2030. Every civil action or proceeding shall be suspended: (1) If willingness to discuss a possible compromise is expressed by one or both parties; or (2) If it appears that one of the parties, before the commencement of the action or proceeding, offered to discuss […] - [Title XIII – Aleatory Contracts (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xiii-aleatory-contracts-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XIII ALEATORY CONTRACTS General Provision Article 2010. By an aleatory contract, one of the parties or both reciprocally bind themselves to give or to do something in consideration of what the other shall give or do upon the happening of an event which is uncertain, or which is to occur at an indeterminate time. (1790) CHAPTER 1 Insurance Article 2011. The contract of insurance is governed by special laws. Matters not expressly provided for in such special laws shall be regulated by this Code. (n) Article 2012. Any person who is forbidden from receiving any donation under article 739 cannot […] - [Title XII – Deposit (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xii-deposit-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XII DEPOSIT CHAPTER 1 Deposit in General and its Different Kinds Article 1962. A deposit is constituted from the moment a person receives a thing belonging to another, with the obligation of safely keeping it and of returning the same. If the safekeeping of the thing delivered is not the principal purpose of the contract, there is no deposit but some other contract. (1758a) Article 1963. An agreement to constitute a deposit is binding, but the deposit itself is not perfected until the delivery of the thing. (n) Article 1964. A deposit may be constituted judicially or extrajudicially. (1759) Article […] - [Title XI – Loan (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xi-loan-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XI LOAN General Provisions Article 1933. By the contract of loan, one of the parties delivers to another, either something not consumable so that the latter may use the same for a certain time and return it, in which case the contract is called a commodatum; or money or other consumable thing, upon the condition that the same amount of the same kind and quality shall be paid, in which case the contract is simply called a loan or mutuum. Commodatum is essentially gratuitous. Simple loan may be gratuitous or with a stipulation to pay interest. In commodatum the bailor […] - [Title X – Agency (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-x-agency-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE X AGENCY CHAPTER 1 Nature, Form and Kinds of Agency Article 1868. By the contract of agency a person binds himself to render some service or to do something in representation or on behalf of another, with the consent or authority of the latter. (1709a) Article 1869. Agency may be express, or implied from the acts of the principal, from his silence or lack of action, or his failure to repudiate the agency, knowing that another person is acting on his behalf without authority. Agency may be oral, unless the law requires a specific form. (1710a) Article 1870. Acceptance by […] - [Title IX – Partnership (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-ix-partnership-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE IX PARTNERSHIP CHAPTER 1 General Provisions Article 1767. By the contract of partnership two or more persons bind themselves to contribute money, property, or industry to a common fund, with the intention of dividing the profits among themselves. Two or more persons may also form a partnership for the exercise of a profession. (1665a) Article 1768. The partnership has a juridical personality separate and distinct from that of each of the partners, even in case of failure to comply with the requirements of article 1772, first paragraph. (n) Article 1769. In determining whether a partnership exists, these rules shall apply: […] - [Title VIII – Lease (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-viii-lease-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE VIIILEASE CHAPTER 1 General Provisions ARTICLE 1642. The contract of lease may be of things, or of work and service. (1542) ARTICLE 1643. In the lease of things, one of the parties binds himself to give to another the enjoyment or use of a thing for a price certain, and for a period which may be definite or indefinite. However, no lease for more than ninety-nine years shall be valid. (1543a) ARTICLE 1644. In the lease of work or service, one of the parties binds himself to execute a piece of work or to render to the other some service […] - [Title VII – Barter or Exchange (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-vii-barter-or-exchange-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE VII BARTER OR EXCHANGE Article 1638. By the contract of barter or exchange one of the parties binds himself to give one thing in consideration of the other’s promise to give another thing. (1538a) Article 1639. If one of the contracting parties, having received the thing promised him in barter, should prove that it did not belong to the person who gave it, he cannot be compelled to deliver that which he offered in exchange, but he shall be entitled to damages. (1539a) Article 1640. One who loses by eviction the thing received in barter may recover that which he […] - [Title VI – Sales (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-vi-sales-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE VI SALES CHAPTER 1 Nature and Form of the Contract Article 1458. By the contract of sale one of the contracting parties obligates himself to transfer the ownership and to deliver a determinate thing, and the other to pay therefor a price certain in money or its equivalent. A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional. (1445a) Article 1459. The thing must be licit and the vendor must have a right to transfer the ownership thereof at the time it is delivered. (n) Article 1460. A thing is determinate when it is particularly designated or physical segregated from all […] - [Title V – Trusts (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-v-trusts-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE V TRUSTS (n) CHAPTER 1 General Provisions Article 1440. A person who establishes a trust is called the trustor; one in whom confidence is reposed as regards property for the benefit of another person is known as the trustee; and the person for whose benefit the trust has been created is referred to as the beneficiary. Article 1441. Trusts are either express or implied. Express trusts are created by the intention of the trustor or of the parties. Implied trusts come into being by operation of law. Article 1442. The principles of the general law of trusts, insofar as they […] - [Title IV – Estoppel (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-iv-estoppel-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE IV ESTOPPEL (n) Article 1431. Through estoppel an admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person making it, and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon. Article 1432. The principles of estoppel are hereby adopted insofar as they are not in conflict with the provisions of this Code, the Code of Commerce, the Rules of Court and special laws. Article 1433. Estoppel may in pais or by deed. Article 1434. When a person who is not the owner of a thing sells or alienates and delivers it, and later the seller or grantor acquires title […] - [Title III – Natural Obligations (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-iii-natural-obligations-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE III NATURAL OBLIGATIONS Article 1423. Obligations are civil or natural. Civil obligations give a right of action to compel their performance. Natural obligations, not being based on positive law but on equity and natural law, do not grant a right of action to enforce their performance, but after voluntary fulfillment by the obligor, they authorize the retention of what has been delivered or rendered by reason thereof. Some natural obligations are set forth in the following articles. Article 1424. When a right to sue upon a civil obligation has lapsed by extinctive prescription, the obligor who voluntarily performs the contract […] - [Title II – Contracts (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-ii-contracts-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE II CONTRACTS CHAPTER 1 General Provisions Article 1305. A contract is a meeting of minds between two persons whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, to give something or to render some service. (1254a) Article 1306. The contracting parties may establish such stipulations, clauses, terms and conditions as they may deem convenient, provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order, or public policy. (1255a) Article 1307. Innominate contracts shall be regulated by the stipulations of the parties, by the provisions of Titles I and II of this Book, by the rules governing the most […] - [Title I – Obligations (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-i-obligations-book-iv-civil-code/): BOOK IV Obligations and Contracts TITLE I Obligations CHAPTER 1 General Provisions Article 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. (n) Article 1157. Obligations arise from: (1) Law; (2) Contracts; (3) Quasi-contracts; (4) Acts or omissions punished by law; and (5) Quasi-delicts. (1089a) Article 1158. Obligations derived from law are not presumed. Only those expressly determined in this Code or in special laws are demandable, and shall be regulated by the precepts of the law which establishes them; and as to what has not been foreseen, by the provisions of this Book. (1090) […] - [Title XII – Final Provisions (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xii-final-provisions-family-code/): Art. 254. Titles III, IV, V, VI, VIII, IX, XI, and XV of Book 1 of Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the Civil Code of the Philippines, as amended, and Articles 17, 18, 19, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, and 42 of Presidential Decree No. 603, otherwise known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code, as amended, and all laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, rules and regulations, or parts thereof, inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed. Art. 255. If any provision of this Code is held invalid, all the other provisions not affected thereby shall remain valid. […] - [Title XI – Summary of Judicial Proceedings in the Family Law (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xi-summary-of-judicial-proceedings-in-the-family-law-family-code/): Table of Contents Chapter 1. Prefatory Provisions Chapter 2. Separation in Fact Chapter 3. Incidents Involving Parental Authority Chapter 4. Other Matters Subject to Summary Proceedings Chapter 1. Prefatory Provisions Art. 238. Until modified by the Supreme Court, the procedural rules provided for in this Title shall apply as regards separation in fact between husband and wife, abandonment by one of the other, and incidents involving parental authority. (n) Chapter 2. Separation in Fact Art. 239. When a husband and wife are separated in fact, or one has abandoned the other and one of them seeks judicial authorization for a transaction […] - [Title X – Emancipation and Age of Majority (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-x-emancipation-and-age-of-majority-family-code/): Art. 234. Emancipation takes place by the attainment of majority. Unless otherwise provided, majority commences at the age of eighteen years. (As amended by R.A. 6809) [Art. 235 has been repealed by Section 2, R.A. 6809.] Art. 236. Emancipation shall terminate parental authority over the person and property of the child who shall then be qualified and responsible for all acts of civil life, save the exceptions established by existing laws in special cases. Contracting marriage shall require parental consent until the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this Code shall be construed to derogate from the duty or responsibility of parents […] - [Title IX – Parental Authority (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-ix-parental-authority-family-code/): Table of Contents Chapter 1. General Provisions Chapter 2. Substitute and Special Parental Authority Chapter 3. Effect of Parental Authority Upon the Persons of the Children Chapter 4. Effect of Parental Authority Upon the Property of the Children Chapter 5. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority Chapter 1. General Provisions Art. 209. Pursuant to the natural right and duty of parents over the person and property of their unemancipated children, parental authority and responsibility shall include the caring for and rearing them for civic consciousness and efficiency and the development of their moral, mental and physical character and well-being. (n) Art. […] - [Title VIII – Support (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-viii-support-family-code/): Art. 194. Support comprises everything indispensable for sustenance, dwelling, clothing, medical attendance, education and transportation, in keeping with the financial capacity of the family. The education of the person entitled to be supported referred to in the preceding paragraph shall include his schooling or training for some profession, trade or vocation, even beyond the age of majority. Transportation shall include expenses in going to and from school, or to and from place of work. (290a) Art. 195. Subject to the provisions of the succeeding articles, the following are obliged to support each other to the whole extent set forth in the […] - [Tite VII – Adoption (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/tite-vii-adoption-family-code/): Art. 183. A person of age and in possession of full civil capacity and legal rights may adopt, provided he is in a position to support and care for his children, legitimate or illegitimate, in keeping with the means of the family. Only minors may be adopted, except in the cases when the adoption of a person of majority age is allowed in this Title. In addition, the adopter must be at least sixteen years older than the person to be adopted, unless the adopter is the parent by nature of the adopted, or is the spouse of the legitimate parent […] - [Title VI – Paternity and Filiation (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-vi-paternity-and-filiation-family-code/): Table of Contents Chapter 1. Legitimate Children Chapter 2. Proof of Filiation Chapter 3. Illegitimate Children Chapter 4. Legitimated Children Chapter 1. Legitimate Children Art. 163. The filiation of children may be by nature or by adoption. Natural filiation may be legitimate or illegitimate. (n) Art. 164. Children conceived or born during the marriage of the parents are legitimate. Children conceived as a result of artificial insemination of the wife with the sperm of the husband or that of a donor or both are likewise legitimate children of the husband and his wife, provided, that both of them authorized or ratified […] - [Title V – The Family (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-v-the-family-family-code/): Table of Contents Chapter 1. The Family as an Institution Chapter 2. The Family Home Chapter 1. The Family as an Institution Art. 149. The family, being the foundation of the nation, is a basic social institution which public policy cherishes and protects. Consequently, family relations are governed by law and no custom, practice or agreement destructive of the family shall be recognized or given effect. (216a, 218a) Art. 151. No suit between members of the same family shall prosper unless it should appear from the verified complaint or petition that earnest efforts toward a compromise have been made, but that […] - [Title IV – Property Relations between Husband and Wife (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-iv-property-relations-between-husband-and-wife-family-code/): Table of Contents Chapter 1. General Provisions Chapter 2. Donations by Reason of Marriage Chapter 3. System of Absolute Community Section 1. General Provisions Section 2. What Constitutes Community Property Section 3. Charges and Obligations of the Absolute Community Section 4. Ownership, Administrative, Enjoyment and Disposition of the Community Property Section 5. Dissolution of Absolute Community Regime Section 6. Liquidation of the Absolute Community Chapter 4. Conjugal Partnership of Gains Section 1. General Provisions Section 2. Exclusive Property of Each Spouse Section 3. Conjugal Partnership Property Section 4. Charges Upon and Obligations of the Conjugal Partnership Section 5. Administration of the […] - [Title III – Rights and Obligations between Husband and Wife (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-iii-rights-and-obligations-between-husband-and-wife-family-code/): Art. 68. The husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love, respect and fidelity, and render mutual help and support. (109a) Art. 69. The husband and wife shall fix the family domicile. In case of disagreement, the court shall decide. The court may exempt one spouse from living with the other if the latter should live abroad or there are other valid and compelling reasons for the exemption. However, such exemption shall not apply if the same is not compatible with the solidarity of the family. (110a) Art. 70. The spouses are jointly responsible for the support of […] - [Title II – Legal Separation (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-ii-legal-separation-family-code/): Art. 55. A petition for legal separation may be filed on any of the following grounds: (1) Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner; (2) Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliation; (3) Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, to engage in prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement; (4) Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years, even if pardoned; (5) Drug […] - [Title I – Marriage (Family Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-i-marriage-family-code/): Table of Contents Title I – Marriage Chapter 1. Requisites of Marriage Chapter 2. Marriages Exempted from License Requirement Chapter 3. Void and Voidable Marriages (NB: As amended by R.A. 6809, R.A. 10572 R.A. 9858) EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 209 THE FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and promulgate the Family Code of the Philippines, as follows: Title I – Marriage Chapter 1. Requisites of Marriage Article 1. Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a […] - [EO 209 [1987]: Family Code of the Philippines](https://library.legalresource.ph/eo-209-1987-family-code-of-the-philippines/): Executive Order No. 209, Series of 1987, also known as the Family Code of the Philippines Title I – Marriage Title II – Legal Separation Title III – Rights and Obligations between Husband and Wife Title IV – Property Relations between Husband and Wife Title V – The Family Title VI – Paternity and Filiation Title VII – Adoption Title VIII – Support Title IX – Parental Authority Title X – Emancipation and Age of Majority Title XI – Summary of Judicial Proceedings in the Family Law Title XII – Final Provisions .. NB: 1) August 3, 1988 is the effectivity […] - [RA 8371: The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997](https://library.legalresource.ph/ra-8371-the-indigenous-peoples-rights-act-of-1997/): Table of Contents Chapter 1: General Provisions Chapter II: Definition of Terms Chapter III: Rights to Ancestral Domains Chapter IV: Right to Self-Governance and Empowerment Chapter V: Social Justice and Human Rights Chapter VI: Cultural Integrity Chapter VII: National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) Chapter VIII: Delineation and Recognition of Ancestral Domains Chapter IX: Jurisdiction and Procedures for Enforcement of Rights Chapter X: Ancestral Domains Fund Chapter XI: Penalties Chapter XII: Merger of the Office for Northern Cultural Communities (ONCC) and the Office for Southern Cultural Communities (OSCC) Chapter XIII: Final Provisions REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371 AN ACT TO RECOGNIZE, PROTECT […] - [PD 1083: Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines](https://library.legalresource.ph/pd-1083-code-of-muslim-personal-laws-of-the-philippines/): PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1083 A DECREE TO ORDAIN AND PROMULGATE A CODE RECOGNIZING THE SYSTEM OF FILIPINO MUSLIM LAWS, CODIFYING MUSLIM PERSONAL LAWS, AND PROVIDING FOR ITS ADMINISTRATION AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES WHEREAS, pursuant to the spirit of the provision of the Constitution of the Philippines that, in order to promote the advancement and effective participation of the National Cultural Communities in the building of the New Society, the State shall consider their customs, traditions, beliefs and interests in the formulation and implementation of its policies; WHEREAS, Islamic law and its principles of equity and justice, to which the Filipino Muslim […] - [1987 Philippine Constitution](https://library.legalresource.ph/1987-philippine-constitution/): THE 1987 CONSTITUTION THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES PREAMBLE We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. ARTICLE I National Territory The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the […] - [Title I - Rights and Obligations between Husband and Wife (Book 1, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-i-rights-and-obligations-between-husband-and-wife-book-1-civil-code/): Article 109. The husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual respect and fidelity, and render mutual help and support. (56a) Article 110. The husband shall fix the residence of the family. But the court may exempt the wife from living with the husband if he should live abroad unless in the service of the Republic. (58a) Article 111. The husband is responsible for the support of the wife and the rest of the family. These expenses shall be met first from the conjugal property, then from the husband’s capital, and lastly from the wife’s paraphernal property. In case […] - [Title 4 – Legal Separation (Book 1, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-4-legal-separation-book-1-civil-code/): Article 97. A petition for legal separation may be filed: (1) For adultery on the part of the wife and for concubinage on the part of the husband as defined in the Penal Code; or (2) An attempt by one spouse against the life of the other. (n) Article 98. In every case the court must take steps, before granting the legal separation, toward the reconciliation of the spouses, and must be fully satisfied that such reconciliation is highly improbable. (n) Article 99. No person shall be entitled to a legal separation who has not resided in the Philippines for one […] - [Title 3 – Marriage (Book 1, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-3-marriage-book-1-civil-code/): Chapter 1: Requisites of Marriage Article 52. Marriage is not a mere contract but an inviolable social institution. Its nature, consequences and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation, except that the marriage settlements may to a certain extent fix the property relations during the marriage. (n) Article 53. No marriage shall be solemnized unless all these requisites are complied with: (1) Legal capacity of the contracting parties; (2) Their consent, freely given; (3) Authority of the person performing the marriage; and (4) A marriage license, except in a marriage of exceptional character (Sec. 1a, art. 3613). Article […] - [Title 2 – Citizenship and Domicile (Book 1, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-2-citizenship-and-domicile-book-1-civil-code/): Article 48. The following are citizens of the Philippines: (1) Those who were citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of the Philippines; (2) Those born in the Philippines of foreign parents who, before the adoption of said Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippines; (3) Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines; (4) Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and, upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship; (5) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. (n) Article 49. Naturalization and the loss and reacquisition of […] - [Title 1 – Civil Personality (Book 1, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-1-civil-personality-book-1-civil-code/): Chapter 1: General Provisions Article 37. Juridical capacity, which is the fitness to be the subject of legal relations, is inherent in every natural person and is lost only through death. Capacity to act, which is the power to do acts with legal effect, is acquired and may be lost. (n) Article 38. Minority, insanity or imbecility, the state of being a deaf-mute, prodigality and civil interdiction are mere restrictions on capacity to act, and do not exempt the incapacitated person from certain obligations, as when the latter arise from his acts or from property relations, such as easements. (32a) Article […] - [Preliminary Title (Book 1, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/preliminary-title-book-1-civil-code/): Chapter 1: Effect and Application of Laws Article 1. This Act shall be known as the “Civil Code of the Philippines.” (n) Article 2. Laws shall take effect after fifteen days following the completion of their publication in the Official Gazette, unless it is otherwise provided. This Code shall take effect one year after such publication. (1a) Article 3. Ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance therewith. (2) Article 4. Laws shall have no retroactive effect, unless the contrary is provided. (3) Article 5. Acts executed against the provisions of mandatory or prohibitory laws shall be void, except when […] - [R.A. 10158: Amends A202 Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/ra-10158/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10158 Amendments — Short Title — Approved March 27, 2012 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends Article 202, Revised Penal Code REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10158 AN ACT DECRIMINALIZING VAGRANCY, AMENDING FOR THIS PURPOSE ARTICLE 202 OF ACT NO. 3815, AS AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE REVISED PENAL CODE Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: Section 1. Article 202 of the Revised Penal Code is hereby, amended to read as follows: “Article 202. Prostitutes; Penalty. – For the purposes of this article, women who, for […] - [Crimes and Penalties, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/crimes-and-penalties-book-2-revised-penal-code/): BOOK TWO CRIMES AND PENALTIES Title One: Crimes Against National Security and the Law of Nations Title Two: Crimes Against the Fundamental Laws of the State Title Three: Crimes Against Public Order Title Four: Crimes Against Public Interest Title Five: Crimes Relative to Opium and Other Prohibited Drugs Title Six: Crimes Against Public Morals Title Seven: Crimes Committed by Public Officers Title Eight: Crimes Against Persons Title Nine: Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security Title Ten: Crimes Against Property Title Eleven: Crimes Against Chastity Title Twelve: Crimes Against the Civil Status of Persons Title Thirteen: Crimes Against Honor Title Fourteen: Quasi-Offense […] - [Title 15 - Final Provisions, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-15-final-provisions-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Article 366. Application of laws enacted prior to this Code. – Without prejudice to the provisions contained in Article 22 of this Code, felonies and misdemeanors, committed prior to the date of effectiveness of this Code shall be punished in accordance with the Code or Acts in force at the time of their commission. Article 367. Repealing Clause. – Except as is provided in the next preceding article, the present Penal Code, the Provisional Law for the application of its provisions, and Acts Nos. 277, 282 ,480, 518, 519, 899, 1121, 1438, 1523, 1559, 1692, 1754, 1955, 1773, 2020, 2036, 2071, […] - [Title 14 - Quasi-Offenses, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-14-quasi-offenses-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Sole Chapter: Criminal Negligence Art. 365. Imprudence and negligence.— Any person who, by reckless imprudence, shall commit any act which, had it been intentional, would constitute a grave felony, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prisión correccional in its medium period; if it would have constituted a less grave felony, the penalty of arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods shall be imposed; if it would have constituted a light felony, the penalty of arresto menor in its maximum period shall be imposed. Any person who, by simple imprudence or negligence, shall commit an […] - [Title 13 - Crimes Against Honor, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-13-crimes-against-honor-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Libel Section One. – Definitions, forms, and punishment of this crime. Article 353. Definition of libel. – A libel is public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead. Article 354. Requirement for publicity. – Every defamatory imputation is presumed to be malicious, even if it be true, if no good intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown, […] - [Title 12 - Crimes Against the Civil Status of Persons, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-12-crimes-against-the-civil-status-of-persons-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Simulation of Births and Usurpation of Civil Status Art. 347. Simulation of births, substitution of one child for another and concealment or abandonment of a legitimate child. – The simulation of births and the substitution of one child for another shall be punished by prisión mayor and a fine of not exceeding Two hundred thousand pesos (₱200,000). The same penalties shall be imposed upon any person who shall conceal or abandon any legitimate child with intent to cause such child to lose its civil status. Any physician or surgeon or public officer who, in violation of the duties of […] - [Title 11 - Crimes Against Chastity, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-11-crimes-against-chastity-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Adultery and Concubinage Article 333. Who are guilty of adultery. – Adultery is committed by any married woman who shall have sexual intercourse with a man not her husband and by the man who has carnal knowledge of her knowing her to be married, even if the marriage be subsequently declared void. Adultery shall be punished by prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods. If the person guilty of adultery committed this offense while being abandoned without justification by the offended spouse, the penalty next lower in degree than that provided in the next preceding paragraph shall be […] - [Title 10 - Crimes Against Property, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-10-crimes-against-property-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Robbery in General Article 293. Who are guilty of robbery. – Any person who, with intent to gain, shall take any personal property belonging to another, by means of violence or intimidation of any person, or using force upon anything shall be guilty of robbery. Section One. – Robbery with violence or intimidation of persons. Article 294. Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons; Penalties. – Any person guilty of robbery with the use of violence against or intimidation of any person shall suffer: 1. The penalty of reclusion perpetua to death, when by reason or on occasion […] - [Title 9 - Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-9-crimes-against-personal-liberty-and-security-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Crimes Against Liberty Section One. – Illegal Detention Article 267. Kidnapping and serious illegal detention. – Any private individual who shall kidnap or detain another, or in any other manner deprive him of his liberty, shall suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death: 1. If the kidnapping or detention shall have lasted more than five days. 2. If it shall have been committed simulating public authority. 3. If any serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted upon the person kidnapped or detained; or if threats to kill him shall have been made. 4. If the person kidnapped or […] - [Title 8 - Crimes Against Persons, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-8-crimes-against-persons-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Destruction of Life Section One. – Parricide, murder, homicide Article 246. Parricide. – Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his ascendants, or descendants, or his spouse, shall be guilty of parricide and shall be punished by the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death. Article 247. Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances. – Any legally married person who having surprised his spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another person, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter, […] - [Title 7 - Crimes Committed by Public Officers, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-7-crimes-committed-by-public-officers-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Preliminary Provisions Article 203. Who are public officers. – For the purpose of applying the provisions of this and the preceding titles of this book, any person who, by direct provision of the law, popular election or appointment by competent authority, shall take part in the performance of public functions in the Government of the Philippine Islands, of shall perform in said Government or in any of its branches public duties as an employee, agent or subordinate official, of any rank or class, shall be deemed to be a public officer. Chapter Two: Malfeasance and Misfeasance in Office Section […] - [Title 6 - Crimes Against Public Morals, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-6-crimes-against-public-morals-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Gambling and Betting Article 195. What acts are punishable in gambling. – (a) The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine not exceeding two hundred pesos, and, in case of recidivism, the penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from two hundred or six thousand pesos, shall be imposed upon: 1. Any person other than those referred to in subsections (b) and (c) who, in any manner shall directly, or indirectly take part in any game of monte, jueteng or any other form of lottery, policy, banking, or percentage game, dog races, or any other game of scheme […] - [Title 5 - Crimes Relative to Opium and Other Prohibited Drugs, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-5-crimes-relative-to-opium-and-other-prohibited-drugs-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Article 190. Possession, preparation and use of prohibited drugs and maintenance of opium dens. – The penalty of arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine ranging from 300 to 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon: 1. Anyone who unless lawfully authorized shall possess, prepare, administer, or otherwise use any prohibited drug. “Prohibited drug,” as used herein includes opium, cocaine, alpha and beta eucaine, Indian hemp, their derivatives, and all preparations made from them or any of them, and such other drugs, whether natural or synthetic, having physiological action as a narcotic drug. […] - [Title 4 - Crimes Against Public Interest, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-4-crimes-against-public-interest-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Forgeries Section One. – Forging the seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive. Article 161. Counterfeiting the great seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, forging the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive. – The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be imposed upon any person who shall forge the Great Seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands or the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive. Article 162. Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp. – The penalty of prision mayor shall be imposed upon any […] - [Title 3 - Crimes Against Public Order, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-3-crimes-against-public-order-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Rebellion, Sedition and Disloyalty Article 134. Rebellion or insurrection; How committed. – The crime of rebellion or insurrection is committed by rising publicly and taking arms against the Government for the purpose of removing from the allegiance to said Government or its laws, the territory of the Philippine Islands or any part thereof, of any body of land, naval or other armed forces, depriving the Chief Executive or the Legislature, wholly or partially, of any of their powers or prerogatives. (As amended by R.A. 6968). Article 134-A. Coup d’etat; How committed. – The crime of coup d’etat is a […] - [Title 2 - Crimes Against the Fundamental Laws of the State, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-2-crimes-against-the-fundamental-laws-of-the-state-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Arbitrary Detention or Expulsion, Violation of Dwelling, Prohibition, Interruption, and Dissolution of Peaceful Meetings and Crimes Against Religious Worship Section One. – Arbitrary detention and expulsion Article 124. Arbitrary detention. – Any public officer or employee who, without legal grounds, detains a person, shall suffer; 1. The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the detention has not exceeded three days; 2. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the detention has continued more than three but not more than fifteen days; 3. The penalty […] - [Title 1 - Crimes Against National Security and the Law of Nations, Book Two, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-1-crimes-against-national-security-and-the-law-of-nations-book-2-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Crimes Against National Security Section One. – Treason and espionage Art. 114. Treason – Any Filipino citizen who levies war against the Philippines or adheres to her enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the Philippines or elsewhere, shall be punished by reclusion perpetua to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed Four million pesos (₱4,000,000). No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two (2) witnesses at least to the same overt act or on confession of the accused in open court. Likewise, an alien, residing in the Philippines, who commits act […] - [Preliminary Title, Book One, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/preliminary-title-book-1-revised-penal-code/): Act No. 3815 (December 8, 1930) AN ACT REVISING THE PENAL CODE AND OTHER PENAL LAWS Preliminary Article – This law shall be known as “The Revised Penal Code.” BOOK ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING THE DATE OF ENFORCEMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE, AND REGARDING THE OFFENSES, THE PERSONS LIABLE AND THE PENALTIES Preliminary Title DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE Article 1. Time when Act takes effect. – This Code shall take effect on the first day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty-two. Article 2. Application of its provisions. – Except as […] - [Title 5 – Civil Liability, Book One, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-5-civil-liability-book-1-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Person Civilly Liable for Felonies Article 100. Civil liability of a person guilty of felony. – Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable. Article 101. Rules regarding civil liability in certain cases. – The exemption from criminal liability established in subdivisions 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 of Article 12 and in subdivision 4 of Article 11 of this Code does not include exemption from civil liability, which shall be enforced subject to the following rules: First. In cases of subdivisions 1, 2, and 3 of Article 12, the civil liability for acts committed by […] - [Title 4 – Extinction of Criminal Liability, Book One, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-4-extinction-of-criminal-liability-book-1-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Total Extinction of Criminal Liability Article 89. How criminal liability is totally extinguished. – Criminal liability is totally extinguished: 1. By the death of the convict, as to the personal penalties and as to pecuniary penalties, liability therefor is extinguished only when the death of the offender occurs before final judgment. 2. By service of the sentence; 3. By amnesty, which completely extinguishes the penalty and all its effects; 4. By absolute pardon; 5. By prescription of the crime; 6. By prescription of the penalty; 7. By the marriage of the offended woman, as provided in Article 344 of […] - [Title 3 – Penalties, Book One, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-3-penalties-book-1-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Penalties in general Article 21. Penalties that may be imposed. – No felony shall be punishable by any penalty not prescribed by law prior to its commission. Article 22. Retroactive effect of penal laws. – Penal Laws shall have a retroactive effect insofar as they favor the persons guilty of a felony, who is not a habitual criminal, as this term is defined in Rule 5 of Article 62 of this Code, although at the time of the publication of such laws a final sentence has been pronounced and the convict is serving the same. Article 23. Effect of […] - [Title 2 – Persons Criminally Liable for Felonies, Book One, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-2-persons-criminally-liable-for-felonies-book-1-revised-penal-code/): Article 16. Who are criminally liable. – The following are criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies: 1. Principals. 2. Accomplices. 3. Accessories. The following are criminally liable for light felonies: 1. Principals 2. Accomplices. Article 17. Principals. – The following are considered principals: 1. Those who take a direct part in the execution of the act; 2. Those who directly force or induce others to commit it; 3. Those who cooperate in the commission of the offense by another act without which it would not have been accomplished. Article 18. Accomplices. – Accomplices are those persons who, not being […] - [Title 1 – Felonies and Circumstances which Affect Criminal Liability, Book One, Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-1-felonies-and-circumstances-which-affect-criminal-liability-book-1-revised-penal-code/): Chapter One: Felonies Article 3. Definitions. – Acts and omissions punishable by law are felonies (delitos). Felonies are committed not only be means of deceit (dolo) but also by means of fault (culpa). There is deceit when the act is performed with deliberate intent and there is fault when the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight, or lack of skill. Article 4. Criminal liability. – Criminal liability shall be incurred: 1. By any person committing a felony (delicto) although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended. 2. By any person performing an act which […] - [P.D. 603: The Child and Youth Welfare Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/p-d-603-the-child-and-youth-welfare-code/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation P.D. No. 603 Amendments   Short Title The Child and Youth Welfare Code Approved December 10, 1974 Promulgated — Published — Effective ART. 213. Effectivity Clause. This Code shall take effect six months after its approval. Repeals ART 211. Repealing Clause. – All laws or parts of any laws inconsistent with the... - [P.D. 532: Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974](https://library.legalresource.ph/p-d-532-anti-piracy-and-anti-highway-robbery-law-of-1974/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation P.D. No. 532 Amendments   Short Title Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974 Approved August 8, 1974 Promulgated — Published — Effective Upon approval Repeals Section 5. Repealing Clause. Pertinent portions of Act No. 3815, otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code; and all laws, decrees, or orders or instructions, or... - [P.D. 612: The Insurance Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/p-d-612-the-insurance-code/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation P.D. 612 Amendments R.A. 10607 Short Title The Insurance Code Approved December 18, 1974 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 612 ORDAINING AND INSTITUTING AN INSURANCE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 1. This Decree shall be known as “The Insurance Code”. (As amended... - [R.A. 10642: Philippine Lemon Law](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10642-philippine-lemon-law/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10642 Amendments — Short Title Philippine Lemon Law Approved July 15, 2014 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10642 AN ACT STRENGTHENING CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE PURCHASE OF BRAND NEW MOTOR VEHICLES Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the... - [R.A. 10909: No Shortchanging Act of 2016](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10909-no-shortchanging-act-of-2016/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10909 Amendments — Short Title No Shortchanging Act of 2016 Approved — Promulgated July 01, 2016 (Lapsed into law) Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10909 AN ACT PROHIBITING BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS FROM GIVING INSUFFICIENT OR NO CHANGE TO CONSUMERS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR Section 1. Short... - [R.A. 9485: Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9485-anti-red-tape-act-of-2007/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9485 Amendments R.A. 11032 Short Title Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 Approved June 02, 2007 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9485 AN ACT TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY IN THE DELIVERY OF GOVERNMENT SERVICE TO THE PUBLIC BY REDUCING BUREAUCRATIC RED TAPE, PREVENTING GRAFT AND... - [R.A. 11057: Personal Property Security Act](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-11057-personal-property-security-act/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 11057 Amendments — Short Title Personal Property Security Act Approved August 17, 2018 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11057 AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE SECURED TRANSACTIONS LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN THE PHILIPPINES, WHICH SHALL PROVIDE FOR THE CREATION, PERFECTION, DETERMINATION OF PRIORITY, ESTABLISHMENT OF A... - [Act No. 4103: Indeterminate Sentence Law](https://library.legalresource.ph/act-no-4103-indeterminate-sentence-law/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation Act No. 4103 Amendments Act No. 4225, Republic Act No. 4203 Short Title Indeterminate Sentence Law Approved December 5, 1933 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — ACT NO. 4103 AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR AN INDETERMINATE SENTENCE AND PAROLE FOR ALL PERSONS CONVICTED OF CERTAIN CRIMES BY THE... - [R.A. 3019: Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-3019-anti-graft-and-corrupt-practices-act/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 3019 Amendments B.P. 195, R.A. 10910 Short Title Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act Approved August 17, 1960 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3019 ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT Section 1. Statement of policy. It is the policy of the Philippine Government, in line... - [R.A. 4200: Anti-Wire Tapping Law](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-4200-anti-wire-tapping-law/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 4200 Amendments — Short Title Anti-Wire Tapping Law Approved June 19, 1965 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4200 AN ACT TO PROHIBIT AND PENALIZE WIRE TAPPING AND OTHER RELATED VIOLATIONS OF THE PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Section 1. It shall... - [P.D. 968: Probation Law](https://library.legalresource.ph/p-d-968-probation-law/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation P.D. 968 Amendments P.D. 1257, B.P. 76, P.D. 1990, R.A. 10707 Short Title Probation Law Approved July 24, 1976 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 968 ESTABLISHING A PROBATION SYSTEM, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES WHEREAS, one of the major goals of the... - [P.D. 1602: Illegal Gambling](https://library.legalresource.ph/p-d-1602-illegal-gambling/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation P.D. 1602 Amendments by R.A. 9287 Short Title Illegal Gambling Approved June 11, 1978 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1602 PRESCRIBING STIFFER PENALTIES ON ILLEGAL GAMBLING. WHEREAS, Philippine Gambling Laws such as Articles 195-199 of the Revised Penal Code (Forms of Gambling and Betting),... - [B.P. 22: Bouncing Check Law](https://library.legalresource.ph/b-p-22-bouncing-check-law/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation B.P. 22 Amendments — Short Title Bouncing Check Law Approved April 3, 1979 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 22 AN ACT PENALIZING THE MAKING OR DRAWING AND ISSUANCE OF A CHECK WITHOUT SUFFICIENT FUNDS OR CREDIT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Section 1. Checks without... - [P.D. 1689: Syndicated Estafa](https://library.legalresource.ph/p-d-1689-syndicated-estafa/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation P.D. 1689 Amendments — Short Title Syndicated Estafa Approved April 06, 1980 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1689 INCREASING THE PENALTY FOR CERTAIN FORMS OF SWINDLING OR ESTAFA WHEREAS, there is an upsurge in the commission of swindling and other forms of frauds in... - [P.D. 1829: Obstruction of Justice](https://library.legalresource.ph/p-d-1829-obstruction-of-justice/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation P.D. 1829 Amendments — Short Title Obstruction of Justice Approved — Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1829 PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS WHEREAS, crime and violence continue to proliferate despite the sustained vigorous efforts of the government to effectively contain... - [R.A. 6713: Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-6713-code-of-conduct-and-ethical-standards-for-public-officials-and-employees/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 6713 Amendments — Short Title Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees Approved February 20, 1989 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6713 AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD... - [R.A. 7080: Plunder](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-7080-plunder/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 7080 Amendments R.A. 7659 Short Title — Approved July 12, 1991 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7080 AN ACT DEFINING AND PENALIZING THE CRIME OF PLUNDER Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: Section... - [R.A. 7610: Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-7610-special-protection-of-children-against-abuse-exploitation-and-discrimination-act/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 7610 Amendments R.A. 9231, R.A. 11648 Short Title Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act Approved June 17, 1992 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7610 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR STRONGER DETERRENCE AND SPECIAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD ABUSE, EXPLOITATION AND DISCRIMINATION,... - [R.A. 7832: Anti-electricity and Electric Transmission Lines/Materials Pilferage Act of 1994](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-7832-anti-electricity-and-electric-transmission-lines-materials-pilferage-act-of-1994/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 7832 Amendments — Short Title Anti-electricity and Electric Transmission Lines/Materials Pilferage Act of 1994 Approved December 8, 1994 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7832 AN ACT PENALIZING THE PILFERAGE OF ELECTRICITY AND THEFT OF ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION LINES/MATERIALS, RATIONALIZING SYSTEM LOSSES BY PHASING... - [R.A. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-7877-anti-sexual-harassment-act-of-1995/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 7877 Amendments — Short Title Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 Approved February 14, 1995 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7877 AN ACT DECLARING SEXUAL HARASSMENT UNLAWFUL IN THE EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION OR TRAINING ENVIRONMENT, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate... - [R.A. 8042: Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-8042-migrant-workers-and-overseas-filipinos-act-of-1995/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 8042 Amendments R.A. 10022 Short Title Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 Approved June 07, 1995 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8042 AN ACT TO INSTITUTE THE POLICIES OF OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT AND ESTABLISH A HIGHER STANDARD OF PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF... - [R.A. 8550: The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-8550-the-philippine-fisheries-code-of-1998/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 8550 Amendments R.A. 10654 Short Title The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 Approved February 25, 1998 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8550 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF THE FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES, INTEGRATING ALL LAWS PERTINENT THERETO, AND... - [R.A. 9160: Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9160-anti-money-laundering-act-of-2001/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9160 Amendments — Short Title Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001 Approved September 29, 2001 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9160 AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF MONEY LAUNDERING, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate and House... - [R.A. 9165: Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9165-comprehensive-dangerous-drugs-act-of-2002/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9165 Amendments R.A. 10640 Short Title — Approved January 23, 2002 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165 AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED,... - [R.A. 9208: Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9208-anti-trafficking-in-persons-act-of-2003/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9208 Amendments R.A. 10364 Short Title Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 Approved May 26, 2003 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9208 AN ACT TO INSTITUTE POLICIES TO ELIMINATE TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN, ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE... - [R.A. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9262-anti-violence-against-women-and-their-children-act-of-2004/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9262 Amendments — Short Title — Approved March 08, 2004 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9262 AN ACT DEFINING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN, PROVIDING FOR PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR VICTIMS, PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFORE, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the... - [R.A. 9344: Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9344-juvenile-justice-and-welfare-act-of-2006/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9344 Amendments R.A. 10630 Short Title — Approved April 28, 2006   Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9344 An Act Establishing a Comprehensive Juvenile Justice and Welfare System, Creating the Juvenile justice and Welfare Council under the Department of Social Welfare and Development,... - [R.A. 9372: Human Security Act of 2007](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9372-human-security-act-of-2007/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9372 Amendments — Short Title Human Security Act of 2007 Approved March 06, 2007 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9372 AN ACT TO SECURE THE STATE AND PROTECT OUR PEOPLE FROM TERRORISM Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives... - [R.A. 9745: Anti-Torture Act of 2009](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9745-anti-torture-act-of-2009/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9745 Amendments — Short Title Anti-Torture Act of 2009 Approved November 10, 2009 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT N0. 9745 AN ACT PENALIZING TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN AND DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT AND PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFOR Be it enacted by the Senate and... - [R.A. 9775: Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9775-anti-child-pornography-act-of-2009/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9775 Amendments — Short Title Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009 Approved November 17, 2009 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9775 AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY, PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate and House... - [R.A. 9995: Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-9995-anti-photo-and-video-voyeurism-act-of-2009/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 9995 Amendments — Short Title — Approved February 15, 2010 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9995 AN ACT DEFINING AND PENALIZING THE CRIME OF PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM, PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate and House... - [R.A. 10159: Amends A39 Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10159-amends-a39-revised-penal-code/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10159 Amendments — Short Title — Approved April 10, 2012 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10159 AN ACT AMENDING ARTICLE 39 OF ACT NO. 3815, AS AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE REVISED PENAL CODE Be it enacted by the Senate and House of... - [R.A. 10168: The Terrorism Financing Prevention and Suppression Act of 2012](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10168-the-terrorism-financing-prevention-and-suppression-act-of-2012/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10168 Amendments — Short Title — Approved June 20, 2012 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10168 AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF FINANCING OF TERRORISM, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of... - [R.A. 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10173-data-privacy-act-of-2012/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10173 Amendments — Short Title Data Privacy Act of 2012 Approved August 15, 2012 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10173 AN ACT PROTECTING INDIVIDUAL PERSONAL INFORMATION IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS IN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR, CREATING FOR THIS PURPOSE A... - [R.A. 10175: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10175-cybercrime-prevention-act-of-2012/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10175 Amendments — Short Title — Approved September 12, 2012 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10175 AN ACT DEFINING CYBERCRIME, PROVIDING FOR THE PREVENTION, INVESTIGATION, SUPPRESSION AND THE IMPOSITION OF PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate and... - [R.A. 10591: Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10591-comprehensive-firearms-and-ammunition-regulation-act/): REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10591 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE LAW ON FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: ARTICLE I TITLE, DECLARATION OF POLICY AND DEFINITION OF TERMS Section 1. Short Title. – This Act shall... - [R.A. 10592: Amends the Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10592-amends-the-revised-penal-code/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10592 Amendments — Short Title — Approved May 29, 2013 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT No. 10592 AN ACT AMENDING ARTICLES 29, 94, 97, 98 AND 99 OF ACT NO. 3815, AS AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE REVISED PENAL CODE Be it enacted by... - [R.A. 10883: New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10883-new-anti-carnapping-act-of-2016/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10883 Amendments — Short Title New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016 Approved July 17, 2016 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10883 An Act Providing for a New Anti-Carnapping Law of the Philippines Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the... - [R.A. 10951: Amends Revised Penal Code](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-10951-amends-revised-penal-code/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 10951 Amendments — Short Title — Approved August 29, 2017 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends Act No. 3815, The Revised Penal Code REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10951 An Act Adjusting the Amount or the Value of Property and Damage on Which a Penalty is Based and the Fines... - [R.A. 11313: Safe Spaces Act](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-11313-safe-spaces-act/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 11313 Amendments — Short Title Safe Spaces Act Approved April 17, 2019 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11313 An Act Defining Gender-Based Sexual Harassment in Streets, Public Spaces, Online, Workplaces, and Educational or Training Institutions, Providing Protective Measures and Prescribing Penalties Therefor Be... - [2023 Code of Professional Responsibility](https://library.legalresource.ph/2023-code-of-professional-responsibility/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Regulation A.M. No. 22-09-01-SC Office/Agency Supreme Court Short Title Code of Professional Responsibility and Accountability Approved April 11, 2023 Promulgated — Published — Effective 15 calendar days from publication in Official Gazette or any newspaper of general circulation Repeals (1) The Code of Professional Responsibility of 1988; and (2) Sections 20 to 37... - [R.A. 8049: Anti-Hazing Act of 2018](https://library.legalresource.ph/ra-8049-anti-hazing-act/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 8049 Amendments R.A. 11053 (2018) Short Title Anti-Hazing Act of 2018 Approved 1995 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends — REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8049 AN ACT REGULATING HAZING AND OTHER FORMS OF INITIATION RITES IN FRATERNITIES, SORORITIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR SECTION 1. Short Title.... - [IRR: Anti-Fencing Law](https://library.legalresource.ph/irr-anti-fencing-law/): RULES AND REGULATIONS TO CARRY OUT THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 6 OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1612, KNOWN AS THE ANTI-FENCING LAW Pursuant to Section 6 of Presidential Decree No. 1612, known as the Anti-Fencing Law, the following rules and regulations are hereby promulgated to govern the issuance of clearances/permits to sell used secondhand articles obtained... - [PD 1612: Anti-Fencing Law of 1979](https://library.legalresource.ph/pd-1612-anti-fencing-law-of-1979/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation P.D. 1612 Amendments — Short Title Anti-Fencing Law of 1979 Approved March 02, 1979 Promulgated — Published — Effective June 15, 1979 Repeals — Amends — PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1612 ANTI-FENCING LAW OF 1979 WHEREAS, reports from law enforcement agencies reveal that there is rampant robbery and thievery of government and private... - [favorabilia sunt amplianda adiosa restrigenda](https://library.legalresource.ph/favorabilia-sunt-amplianda-adiosa-restrigenda/): Latin maxim. • Penal laws which are favorable to the accused are given retroactive effect. (Ortega v. People, G.R. No. 151085, August 20, 2008, Per Nachura, J.) - [actus me invito factus non est meus actus](https://library.legalresource.ph/actus-me-invito-factus-non-est-meus-actus/): Latin maxim • “An act done by me against my will is not my act” (People v. Dequina, G.R. No. 177570, January 19, 2011) - [R.A. 11648: Amendment to the Rape Law](https://library.legalresource.ph/r-a-11648-amendment-to-the-rape-law/): LEGISLATIVE HISTORY Legislation R.A. 11648 Amendments  — Short Title — Approved March 04, 2022 Promulgated — Published — Effective — Repeals — Amends Act No. 3815, Revised Penal Code; R.A. 8353, Anti-Rape Law of 1997; R.A. 7610, Special Protection of Children against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11648 AN ACT PROMOTING FOR... - [Republic Act No. 11642: Domestic Administrative Adoption and Alternative Child Care Act](https://library.legalresource.ph/republic-act-no-11642-domestic-administrative-adoption-and-alternative-child-care-act/): REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11642 January 06, 2022 AN ACT STRENGTHENING ALTERNATIVE CHILD CARE BY PROVIDING FOR AN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS OF DOMESTIC ADOPTION, REORGANIZING FOR THE PURPOSE THE INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION BOARD (ICAB) INTO THE NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR CHILD CARE (NACC), AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8043, REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11222, AND REPUBLIC ACT NO.... - [verba legis non est recedendum](https://library.legalresource.ph/verba-legis-non-est-recedendum/): Latin maxim. • “from the words of a statute there should be no departure” (Chavez v. JBC, En Banc, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012) - [ubi lex non distinguit nec nos distinguere debemus](https://library.legalresource.ph/ubi-lex-non-distinguit-nec-nos-distinguere-debemus/): Latin maxim. • “Where the law does not distinguish, neither should we.” (Sps. Plopenio v. DAR, G.R. No. 161090 and 161092, July 4, 2012) - [the intent of a statute is the law](https://library.legalresource.ph/the-intent-of-a-statute-is-the-law/): Maxim. • “The intent of a statute is the law.” (Tiu v. CA, En Banc, G.R. No. 127410, January 20, 1999) - [suum jus summa injuria](https://library.legalresource.ph/suum-jus-summa-injuria/): Latin maxim. • “the abuse of a right is the greatest possible wrong” (Gonzales v. Philippine Commercial Bank and International Bank, G.R. No. 180257, February 23, 20110 - [summun jus, summa injuria](https://library.legalresource.ph/summun-jus-summa-injuria/): Latin maxim. • “circumstances alter cases” (Sanchez v. CA, G.R. No. 96306, August 20 1993 [Per J. Romero, Concurring Opinion]) - [suggestio falsi est suppressio](https://library.legalresource.ph/suggestio-falsi-est-suppressio/): Latin maxim. • “suggestion of falsity is suppression” (Google Translate; See Firestone Filipinas Employees Association v. Firestone Rubber and Rubber Company of the Philippines, G.R. No. L-37952, December 10, 1974) - [stare decisis et non quieta movere](https://library.legalresource.ph/stare-decisis-et-non-quieta-movere/): Latin maxim. • “to adhere to precedents and not to unsettle things which are established” (Lazatin v. Desierto, G.R. No. 147097, June 5, 2009) - [sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas](https://library.legalresource.ph/sic-utere-tuo-ut-alienum-non-laedas/): Latin maxim. • “so use your property as not to injure the property of others” (Southern Luzon Drug Corporation v. DSWD, En Banc, G.R. No. 199669, April 25, 2017) - [salus populi est suprema lex](https://library.legalresource.ph/salus-populi-est-suprema-lex/): Latin maxim. • “the welfare of the people is the supreme law” (Southern Luzon Drug Corporation v. DSWD, En Banc, G.R. No. 199669, April 25, 2017) - [res inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet](https://library.legalresource.ph/res-inter-alios-acta-alteri-nocere-non-debet/): Latin maxim. • “things done between strangers ought not to injure those who are not parties to them” (People v. Tena, G.R. No. 100909, October 21, 1992) • “A third party may not be prejudiced by the act, declaration or omission of another.” (People v. Ciobal, G.R. No. 86220, April 20, 1990) • related to... - [renuntiatio non praesumitur](https://library.legalresource.ph/renuntiatio-non-praesumitur/): Latin maxim. • “A waiver of rights is not presumed.” (ACD Investigation Security Agency, Inc. v. Daquera, G.R. No. 147473, March 30, 2004, cited in Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation v. Bithao, G.R. No. 162240, August 29, 2006) - [potestats delegata non delegari potest](https://library.legalresource.ph/potestats-delegata-non-delegari-potest/): Latin maxim. • “what has been delegated, cannot be delegated” (Rodrigo, Jr. v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 125498, July 2, 1999) - [par in parem non habet imperium](https://library.legalresource.ph/par-in-parem-non-habet-imperium/): Latin maxim. • “one State is not subject to the jurisdiction of another State.” (Arigo v. Swift, En Banc, G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014 [Per J.  Leonen, En Banc, Concurring Opinion], citing COUNCIL OF EUROPE – EXPLANATORY REPORT ON THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON STATE IMMUNITY (ETS No. 074), <http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Reports/Html/074.htm> - [par in parem non lizabet imperium](https://library.legalresource.ph/par-in-parem-non-lizabet-imperium/): Latin maxim. • “[a]ll states are sovereign equals and cannot assert jurisdiction over one another.” (Arigo v. Swift, En Banc, G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014 [Per J.  Leonen, En Banc, Concurring Opinion], citing Republic of Indonesia v. Vinzon, 452 Phil. 1100, 1107 (2003) [Per J. Azcuna, En Banc]) - [pacta sunt servanda](https://library.legalresource.ph/pacta-sunt-servanda/): Latin maxim. • “parties to a treaty to keep their agreement therein in good faith” (Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, En Banc, G.R. No. 139465, January 18, 2000) - [nullum crimen, nulla poena sige lege](https://library.legalresource.ph/nullum-crimen-nulla-poena-sige-lege/): Latin maxim. • “that there can exist no punishable act except those previously and specifically provided for by penal statute” (Corpuz v. People, En Banc, G.R. No. 180016, April 29, 2014) - [non bis in idem](https://library.legalresource.ph/non-bis-in-idem/): Latin maxim. • “not twice for the same” (Tacas v. Cariaso, G.R. No. L-37406, August 31, 1976) - [noscitur a sociis](https://library.legalresource.ph/noscitur-a-sociis/): Latin maxim. • “where a particular word or phrase is ambiguous in itself or is equally susceptible of various meanings, its correct construction may be made clear and specific by considering the company of words in which it is founded or with which it is associated” (Chavez v. JBC, En Banc, G.R. No. 202242, July... - [nemo debet bis vexari pro eadem causa](https://library.legalresource.ph/nemo-debet-bis-vexari-pro-eadem-causa/): Latin maxim. • “no one ought to be twice tried for the same cause” (Tacas v. Cariaso, G.R. No. L-37406, August 31, 1976) • “A man shall not be brought into danger of his life or liberty for one and the same offense more than once.” (Ibid.) - [nemo dat quod non habet](https://library.legalresource.ph/nemo-dat-quod-non-habet/): Latin maxim. • “Nobody can give what he does not possess.” (Heirs of Hermosilla v. Sps. Remoquillo, G.R. No. 167320, January 30, 2007) • “one cannot give what one does not have” (Magoyag v. Maruhom, G.R. No. 179743, August 2, 2010) • “No one can give more than what he has.” (Felix Gohan and Sons... - [nemo tenetur seipsum accusare](https://library.legalresource.ph/nemo-tenetur-seipsum-accusare/): Latin maxim. • “No one is bound to accuse himself.” (Google Translate; See Villaflor v. Summers, En Banc, G.R. No. 16444, September 8, 1920) • refers to the “right against self-incrimination” (People v. Duero, En Banc, G.R. No. L-52016 May 13, 1981) - [nemo cum alterius detrimento locupletari potest](https://library.legalresource.ph/nemo-cum-alterius-detrimento-locupletari-potest/): Latin maxim. • “No one should be allowed to enrich himself unjustly at the expense of another.” (Jenk Cent. Cas. 4; 10 Barb. [N.Y.] 626, 633, “Cyclopedic Law Dictionary,” 2nd Edition, p. 688, cited in Philippine National Bank v. CA, G.R. No. 97995m January 21, 1993) - [mas vale que queden sin castigar dies reos presuntos, que se castigue uno inocente](https://library.legalresource.ph/mas-vale-que-queden-sin-castigar-dies-reos-presuntos-que-se-castigue-uno-inocente/): Spanish maxim • “It is better that ten presumed criminals remain unpunished than an innocent one be punished.” (Google Translate; See People v. Cunanan, En Banc, G.R. No. L-17599, April 24, 1967) - [lex prospicit, non respicit](https://library.legalresource.ph/lex-prospicit-non-respicit/): • “the law looks forward not backward” (Co v. CA, En Banc, G.R. No. 100776, October 28, 1993, citing Development Bank of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, et al, G.R. No 97998, Jan. 27, 1992) - [legis non est recedendum](https://library.legalresource.ph/legis-non-est-recedendum/): Latin maxim. • “from the words of a statute there should be no departure” (Bolos v. Bolos, G.R. No. 186400, October 20, 2010) - [legis interpretation legis vim obtinet](https://library.legalresource.ph/legis-interpretation-legis-vim-obtinet/): Latin maxim. • “the interpretation placed upon the written law by a competent court has the force of law” (Co v. CA, En Banc, G.R. No. 100776, October 28, 1993, citing Peo. v. Jabinal, 55 SCRA 607, 611) the interpretation placed upon the written law by a competent court has the force of law. - [interpretare et concordare leges legibus est optimus interpretandi modus](https://library.legalresource.ph/interpretare-et-concordare-leges-legibus-est-optimus-interpretandi-modus/): Latin maxim. • “To interpret and harmonize laws is the best method of interpretation.” (DTI v. Enriquez, En Banc, G.R. No. 225301, June 2, 2020, citing Civil Service Commission v. Court of Appeals, 696 Phil. 230, 259 [2012]) - [interpretare et concordare legibus est optimus interpretandi](https://library.legalresource.ph/interpretare-et-concordare-legibus-est-optimus-interpretandi/): Latin maxim. • “every statute must be so construed and harmonized with other statutes as to form a uniform system of jurisprudence” (OSG v. CA, G.R. No. 199027, June 9, 2014) - [interest reipublicae ut sit finis litium](https://library.legalresource.ph/interest-reipublicae-ut-sit-finis-litium/): Latin maxim. • “In the interest of society as a whole, litigation must come to an end.” (Thomas v. Trono, G.R. No. 241032, March 15, 2021) • relates to immutability of judgments: “to put an end to what would be an endless litigation. “ (Ibid.) - [index animi sermo](https://library.legalresource.ph/index-animi-sermo/): Latin maxim. • “speech is the index of intention” (Bolos v. Bolos, G.R. No. 186400, October 20, 2010) - [in pari delicto potior est condition defendentis](https://library.legalresource.ph/in-pari-delicto-potior-est-condition-defendentis/): Latin maxim. • “The law will not aid either party to an illegal agreement; it leaves the parties where it finds them.” (Bough v. Cantiveros, En Banc, G.R. No. 13300, September 29, 1919) • “the parties to a controversy are equally culpable or guilty, they shall have no action against each other, and it shall... - [in dubio pro reo](https://library.legalresource.ph/in-dubio-pro-reo/): Latin maxim. • “when in doubt, for the accused” (People v. Salcena, G.R. No. 192261, November 16, 2011) - [hoc quidem per quam durum est sed ita lex scripta est](https://library.legalresource.ph/hoc-quidem-per-quam-durum-est-sed-ita-lex-scripta-est/): Latin maxim. • “The law may be exceedingly hard, but so the law is written.” (People v. Palermo, En Banc, G.R. No. 120630, June 28, 2001) - [Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus](https://library.legalresource.ph/falsus-in-uno-falsus-in-omnibus/): • “false in one thing, false in everything” (Frondarina v. Malazarte, G.R. No. 148423, December 6, 2006) NB: 1) Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus has been abandoned and is no longer applicable nor can be made use of in a case. 2) The principle FALSUS IN UNO FALSUS IN OMNIBUS is not strictly applied... - [expressio unius est exclusio alterius](https://library.legalresource.ph/expressio-unius-est-exclusio-alterius/): Latin maxim. • “The expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.” (San Miguel Corporation Employees Union-Phil. Transport and General Workers Org. v. San Miguel Packaging Products Employees Union-Pambansang Diwa ng Manggagawang Pilipino, G.R. No. 171153, September 12, 2007, 533 SCRA 125, 152). • “the express mention of one person, thing, act, or consequence... - [exception firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis](https://library.legalresource.ph/exception-firmat-regulam-in-casibus-non-exceptis/): Latin maxim. • “a thing not being excepted must be regarded as coming within the purview of the general rule” (South African Airways v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 180356, February 16, 2010) - [ex turpi causa non oritur actio](https://library.legalresource.ph/ex-turpi-causa-non-oritur-actio/): Latin maxim. • “an agreement contrary to law or morals can give rise to no right of action in any party to it, either for the enforcement of it, or for the recovery of property parted with in pursuance of it.” (People v. Manansala, En Banc, November 18, 1933 [Per J. Abad Santos, En Banc,... - [ex pacto illicito non oritur actio](https://library.legalresource.ph/ex-pacto-illicito-non-oritur-actio/): Latin maxim. • “an agreement contrary to law or morals can give rise to no right of action in any party to it, either for the enforcement of it, or for the recovery of property parted with in pursuance of it.” (People v. Manansala, En Banc, November 18, 1933 [Per J. Abad Santos, En Banc,... - [ex dolo malo non oritur actio](https://library.legalresource.ph/ex-dolo-malo-non-oritur-actio/): Latin maxim. • “The law will not aid either party to an illegal agreement; it leaves the parties where it finds them.” (Bough v. Cantiveros, En Banc, G.R. No. 13300, September 29, 1919) • “A party to an illegal contract cannot come into a court of law and ask to have his illegal objects carried... - [el deudor de mi deudor es deudor mio](https://library.legalresource.ph/el-deudor-de-mi-deudor-es-deudor-mio/): Spanish maxim. • “The debtor’s debtor is my debtor.” (Google Translate; See Gold Star Mining Co., Inc. v. Lim-Jimena, En Banc, G.R. No. L-25301, October 26, 1968 citing with approval the Court of Appeals.) - [dura lex, sed lex](https://library.legalresource.ph/dura-lex-sed-lex/): Latin maxim. • “The law is hard, but that is the law.” (Dela Cruz v. CA, G.R. Nos. 120652, 11 February 1998) - [distingue tempora et concordabis jura](https://library.legalresource.ph/distingue-tempora-et-concordabis-jura/): Latin maxim. • “Distinguish times and you will harmonize laws.” (Commissioner of Customs v. Superior Gas and Equipment Co., En Banc, G.R. No. L-14115, May 25, 1960) - [delegatus non potest delegare](https://library.legalresource.ph/delegatus-non-potest-delegare/): Latin maxim. • “that a delegated power may not be further delegated by the person to whom such power is delegated, and that in all cases of delegated authority, where personal trust or confidence is reposed in the agent and especially where the exercise and application of the power is made subject to his judgment... - [de minimis non curat lex](https://library.legalresource.ph/de-minimis-non-curat-lex/): Latin maxim. • “the law does not take account of trifles” OxfordReference.com •  “the law does not govern trifles” Merriam-Webster.com - [cessante ratione legis, cessat et ipsa lex](https://library.legalresource.ph/cessante-ratione-legis-cessat-et-ipsa-lex/): Latin maxim • “when the reason of the law ceases, the law itself ceases.” (Commendador v. De Villa, En Banc, G.R. No. 93177, August 2, 1991) • “when the reason for a law ceases, the law itself ceases” OxfordReference.com • related to ratio legis est anima: the reason of law is its soul. - [actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea](https://library.legalresource.ph/actus-non-facit-reum-nisi-mens-sit-rea/): Latin maxim • “the act itself does not make man guilty unless his intention were so” (United States v. Ah Chong, En Banc, G.R. No. L-5272, March 19, 1910) - [actus me incito factus non est meus actus](https://library.legalresource.ph/actus-me-incito-factus-non-est-meus-actus/): Latin maxim • “an act done by me against my will is not my act” (United States v. Ah Chong, En Banc, G.R. No. L-5272, March 19, 1910) - [RA 9048, as amended](https://library.legalresource.ph/ra-9048-as-amended/): AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE CITY OR MUNICIPAL CIVIL REGISTRAR OR THE CONSUL GENERAL TO CORRECT A CLERICAL OR TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR IN AN ENTRY AND/OR CHANGE OF FIRST NAME OR NICKNAME IN THE CIVIL REGISTER WITHOUT NEED OF A JUDICIAL ORDER, AMENDING FOR THIS PURPOSE ARTICLES 376 AND 412 OF THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES... - [Title XIX – Concurrence and Preference of Credits (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xix-concurrence-and-preference-of-credits-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XIX CONCURRENCE AND PREFERENCE OF CREDITS CHAPTER 1 General Provisions Article 2236. The debtor is liable with all his property, present and future, for the fulfillment of his obligations, subject to the exemptions provided by law. (1911a) Article 2237. Insolvency shall be governed by special laws insofar as they are not inconsistent with this... - [Title XVIII – Damages (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xviii-damages-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XVIII DAMAGES CHAPTER 1 General Provisions Article 2195. The provisions of this Title shall be respectively applicable to all obligations mentioned in article 1157. Article 2196. The rules under this Title are without prejudice to special provisions on damages formulated elsewhere in this Code. Compensation for workmen and other employees in case of death,... - [Title XVII – Extra-Curricular Obligations (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xvii-extra-curricular-obligations-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XVII EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS CHAPTER 1 Quasi-contracts Article 2142. Certain lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts give rise to the juridical relation of quasi-contract to the end that no one shall be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of another. (n) Article 2143. The provisions for quasi-contracts in this Chapter do not exclude other quasi-contracts... - [Title XVI – Pledge, Mortgage and Antichresis (Book IV, Civil Code)](https://library.legalresource.ph/title-xvi-pledge-mortgage-and-antichresis-book-iv-civil-code/): TITLE XVI PLEDGE, MORTGAGE AND ANTICHRESIS CHAPTER 1 Provisions Common to Pledge and Mortgage Article 2085. The following requisites are essential to the contracts of pledge and mortgage: (1) That they be constituted to secure the fulfillment of a principal obligation; (2) That the pledgor or mortgagor be the absolute owner of the thing pledged... ## Pages - [Cookies Policy](https://library.legalresource.ph/cookies-policy/): What are cookies? 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