in dubio pro reo

• “the law looks forward not backward” (Co v. CA, En Banc, G.R. No. 100776, October 28, 1993, citing Development Bank of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, et al, G.R. No 97998, Jan. 27, 1992)

Latin maxim. • “In the interest of society as a whole, litigation must come to an end.” (Thomas v. Trono, G.R. No. 241032, March 15, 2021) • relates to immutability of judgments: “to put an end to what would be an endless litigation. “ (Ibid.)

Latin maxim. • “speech is the index of intention” (Bolos v. Bolos, G.R. No. 186400, October 20, 2010)

Latin maxim. • “Distinguish times and you will harmonize laws.” (Commissioner of Customs v. Superior Gas and Equipment Co., En Banc, G.R. No. L-14115, May 25, 1960)

Latin maxim. • “The law is hard, but that is the law.” (Dela Cruz v. CA, G.R. Nos. 120652, 11 February 1998)